Survey of American History
Integrating the American Indian Historical Experience



National Endowment for the Humanities Seminar
Saddleback College
Summer 1997

Scott Howlett, PhD
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Saddleback College

This webpage provides curriculum guides, pedagogical ideas, and an extensive bibliography to assist history instructors in integrating the American Indian historical experience into a one-semester survey course on U.S. history such as Saddleback College's
History 22.

Lesson Plan #1: Collision of Cultures (1492-1800)
Lesson Plan #2: How the West Was Lost (1865-1920)
Approaches to the Material
Bibliography




Collision of Cultures: 1492-1800
Lesson Plan #1


I. DISCUSSION
  • Class Reading
    • James Merrell, The Indian's New World: The Catawba Experience
  • Class Discussion:
    1. What does Merrell identify as the three main factors that transformed the Catawbas culture?
    2. What do you consider the most significant determinants in moving the Catawbas from self-sufficiency to dependence on whites for economic support?
    3. Explain Merrell's conclusion that the Catawbas "played the hand dealt them well enough to survive, but they could never win"?
  • Document Readings (Assigned by Rows)
    • "The Requiremento" (1513)
    • "Christopher Columbus' Letter to the Spanish Officials" (1493)
    • "Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca Describes the Indians of the Rio Grande Region, 1528-1536"
    • "The Indian as Ruthless Savage" (1782)
    • "Red Jacket's Reply to Missionaries" (1880)
  • Document Questions:
    1. What is the main purpose of the document?
    2. What does your document tell you about cultural interactions between European-Americans and American Indians?
    3. What did you learn from reading your document?
II. LECTURE
  • Eurpoean and American Indian Cultural Differences (1492)
    1. Role of Environment
    2. Religion
    3. Land Use
    4. Childrearing and Gender Systems
    5. Organization of Society
  • The Columbian Exchange and its Impact
III. DOCUMENTARY
  • Films:
    • Search for the First Americans
    • Savagery & the American Indian (sections)
  • Questions:
    1. What are the different theories regarding when the "first Americans" appeared?
    2. Which theory do you find most convincing? Why?
    3. How are the Puritans and American Indians portrayed in Savagery and the American Indian? Cite specific examples.
    4. What point of view does this film take regarding relations between European Americans and American Indians?
    5. Do you agree with this point of view? Why or why not?
IV. ROUNDTABLE
  • What was the most important item you learned from this week's discussion of "Collision of Culture"?
Back to Table of Contents for This Page




How the West Was Lost (1865-1920)
Lesson Plan #2


I. DISCUSSION
  • Class Reading
    • Robert A. Trennert, Educating Indian Girls at Nonreservation Boarding Schools 1877-1920
  • Class Discussion:
    1. What do you think the advocates of Indian education meant by "assimilation"?
    2. What were the main reasons that the government's attempts to "educate" Indian girls failed?
  • Document Readings (Assigned by Rows)
    • Dawes Severalty Act (1877)
    • "Rules for Indian Schools" (1890)
    • "Account of Wounded Knee Massacre" (1890)
    • "Presidential Report on Wounded Knee Massacre and the Decrease in Indian Land Acreage"
    • "Board of Indian Commissioners' Reports" (1905)
  • Document Questions:
    1. What point of view does your document reflect?
    2. What does your document tell you about relationships between the United States government and American Indians after the Civil War?
II. LECTURE
  • Overhead Art: John Gast's Manifest Destiny
  • Overview: The United States Government and the "Indian Problem" (1790-1890)
    1. Assimilation / The Dawes Act
    2. Relocation / The "Trail of Tears"
    3. Extermination / The Great Plains Wars (1865-1890)
    4. Reservations
  • How the West Was Lost
    1. Divide and Conquer
    2. Logistics and Population Disparity
    3. Technology and Diseases
III. DOCUMENTARY
  • Films:
    • Dakota Conflict (sections)
    • Repatriation at Sand Creek Massacre
  • Questions:
    1. What point of view do the documentaries take?
    2. Cite specific examples from the Dakota Conflict of how the government dealt with the Lakota tribe.
IV. CLASS DEBATE
Format: The issues below are handled one at a time. For each question, students decide on one of the following positions: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree. Each corner of the room is designated for one of those positions. Students can meet in the corners to discuss their viewpoint, and are allowed to "float" between groups listening to different points of view.

Issues:
  • Should the present-day American Indian tribes receive "reparations" from the United States government for past "historical injustices"?
  • Should American Indian tribes be allowed to "repatriate" historical artifacts from museums worldwide?
V. ROUNDTABLE
  • Discuss general viewpoints about what was learned from this section's discussion.
Back to Table of Contents for This Page




Approaches To Teaching


For courses on World History, Western Civilizations, and United States History I would use selected poems, stories, songs and other sources to provide the students with a sense of Native American culture over time and space, and to illuminate the "collision of culture" theme. First, I would divide the class into small groups and assign each group a specific document. Each group would be responsible for "telling a story" about their document. They could analyze their document as a cultural artifact, or they might act it out. I would want the groups to be as creative as possible.

The second approach I might use to engage the students would be to involve a brief discussion of The Sacred Ways of Thinking (six concepts; see
Beck, Walters and Francisco) and contrast that with the European cultural belief system. I would then hand out a series of documents to each student and ask them to analyze them using the basic six concepts. The goal of this approach would be for the students to obtain a sense of what the Native American belief systems entail and how they compare to European systems.

Back to Table of Contents for This Page




Voices and Dreams Home Page Saddleback College Home Page