The exam will consist of multiple choice, true-false, “fill-in”, and a few short answers.

Please bring a pencil and a good eraser

Review you lecture notes in detail.  Highlight new terms & concepts.  Use the text to complete and correct your notes.  Don’t forget to use your text glossary & index to help define terms and find subjects.  This exam will focus on lecture on: Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA Replication, DNA technology, Protein Synthesis and Genetics

• MITOSIS

• Know the different phases and what is occurring during each. Know the cell cycle. Cytokinesis.

• Be able to label a diagram of the different phases - refer to the handout given and your text.

• Be able to identify the different phases of both plant and animal cells undergoing cell division.

• Differences between plant and animal cells.

• Difference between chromatin, chromosomes and chromatids.

• Know how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells after mitosis.

• What is mitosis for? What are the five control factors for mitosis?

• What is the problem with cancer cells? What p53 and p 21? Tumor suppressors.

• What is tumor (benign & malignant)? What is metastasis?

• What are telomeres and telomerases? Functions? How do we fight cancer cells?

• Know the difference between karyokenesis and cytokinesis.

• MEIOSIS

• What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

• Where does meiosis occur? When does it occur? Why does it occur? When does it occur?

• What is spermatogenesis and oogenesis? Products of each?

• Know the following terms and how they relate to meiosis: homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, gametes, zygote, syngamy.

• Be able to label a diagram of the different phases - refer to your text.

• Know the different phases of meiosis and how they are different from mitosis?

• What are the sexual sources for variation? Crossing over? Independent assortment?

• What is nondisjunction? Trisomy? Monosomy?

·         DNA replication - where, when & why does it occur (Chapter 10)

·         structure of DNA - nitrogenous bases, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

·         types of bonds

·         Chargoff’s rule - base pairing of the nitrogenous bases (A = T and C º G)

·         enzymes involved in DNA replication

·         priming

·         5’ --> 3’ direction

·         parent strand, leading strand, lagging strand - what joins the fragments together

·         proofreading, DNA repair, repair enzymes and excision repair

·         DNA technology (Chapter 12, pp. 239 - 242 & 245)

·         What is recombinant technology?  Plasmid technology?

·         Know how genes are produced (copied) in mass quantities (plasmids of bacteria).

·         Know the difference between PCR and RFLP

·         What are restriction enzymes?  Would PCR or RFLP utilize restriction enzymes?

·         Be able to interpret an electrophoresis gel.

·         Protein synthesis - where, when & why does it occur? (Chapter 10)

·         define triplet, codon, anticodon - how are they formed and how they function

·         explain all the steps of protein synthesis, including transcription steps and translation steps

·         Transcription - where does it occur and what is involved

·         RNA polymerase

·         mRNA, tRNA

·         RNA processing, RNA splicing -- what are introns and exons; 5’ cap, poly-A tail

·         Translation- where does it occur and what is involved

·         tRNA, anticodon, triplet, amino acid attachment site, amino acids, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

·         mRNA role - binding site:

·         What is the role of ribosomes? 

·         GENETICS (Chapter 9)

·         Know the following terms: character; trait, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, P₁, F₁ & F₂ generations, test cross, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, consanguinity.

·         Know how to do the genetic problems on the worksheets - there will be some problems on the exam.

·         What are sex-linked genes?

·         Mendel’s laws for segregation and independent assortment.

·         Know the genotypic and phenotypic ratios discussed in class.

·         Know the dominantly and recessively inherited disorders discussed in class.

Possible short answer questions on Exam III:

These short answer questions will be chosen randomly so be prepared to answer them all.

5.     What is HIV and the disease that it causes?  Discuss what type of virus HIV is, the types of cell the virus attacks and why?

6.     Be prepared to replicate a given DNA molecule into two molecules.

7.     Genetic Problems:  (these will be similar to the ones that you’ve been working on)

·         monohybrid cross,  dihybrid cross,  sex linked cross, blood type

6.     This question is in reference to Figure 9.23A on page 179 in your textbook.  A female student was not able to see the number 7 in figure 9.23A and was surprise to discover she suffered from red-green colorblindness.  She told her biology professor, who said, “Your father is color blind too, right?”  How did her professor know this?  Why did her professor not say the same thing to the color-blind males in the class?

7.     Why are there more men than women with color blindness?

8.     In your own words, discuss how chromosomal abnormalities arise during meiosis.  What are some of the possible consequences of these errors?  Also include in your discuss as to why females were once thought to be the major contributor to meiotic errors.

Point breakdown: 100 points total:

1. • Multiple choice, true/false, matching: 60-70 points

2. • Short answer: 30-40 points